Synthesizers "sprung out of nowhere" , leaving early inventors unsure if they were musical instruments or studio tools. By the 1960s, innovators like Harold Bode, Bob Moog, and Don Buchla began developing "idealized form[s]" of this electronic audio technology. However, the technology was complex and largely explored by academicians. The turning point was Wendy Carlos's 1968 recording of Switched-On Bach. By applying Moog technology to earlier music, she made the instrument palatable to the gene